Business Research Business And Management Research

Business Research Assignment 1 ‘Business and management research is a systematic inquiry that helps to solve business problems and contributes to management knowledge. It is an applied research.’ (Wiki) According to Easterby-Smith (2008), business and management research focuses on four factors: - Information access is very important for managers. It makes competitive advantage for them, especially in the era of information technology. - Managers need information produced by the classical research method. - Business and management research is an applied research. Therefore, research findings have to help them to resolve practical management problems. There’re 3 main paradigms in business research. They are: 1. Exploratory research†¦show more content†¦This is an important step, because it will help the researchers to focus on the main content, skip to the content or factors affecting little research problems, from which researchers can save the costs as well as determine a reasonable time to conduct the study. - The last steps is integrated to determine the exact problem to study. Exploratory research helps the company to interact with their customers and know how to serve them better. 2. Descriptive research Once having determined the correct research problems, we need to describe the characteristic and nature-related issues. Descriptive research focuses on describing the characteristics of the problem without seeking to specify the relationships within the research problem. For example, describe the size and potential of the market, the factors affecting the growth or stagnation of the market†¦ Descriptive research helps researchers to determine the size of the study need to be conducted, imagine comprehensive â€Å"environment† of the problem, and thus in some cases, the researchers are able to estimate trends and development dimension of the problem. For descriptive research, in addition to secondary data sources, researchers need to collect primary data, the use of test or establish the simulation model to analyze. Descriptive research often helps describe market segments. For example, describe the characteristics and consumption habits of customers, the market share and rivals orShow MoreRelatedBusiness School : Management Research2413 Words   |  10 PagesBangor Business School Management Research Assignment Management Research Submitted to: Dr Azhdar Karami Submitted by: Shuai Wang Student ID: 500392454 / abp4f4 Date: 24 November 2014 â€Æ' Table of Contents Discuss Why You Prefer the Idea of Conducting Qualitative or Quantitative Research? 2 Introduction 2 Quantitative Method and Qualitative Method 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Two Methods 3 Conclusion 5 Why it is important to think through the data likely to be collected from the researchRead MoreApplied Research Methods for Business and Management3796 Words   |  16 PagesAPPLIED RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT Individual Assignment On GLOBAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS IN MULTINATIONAL ORGANSIATION STUDENT NUMBER: Date of Submission: May 21st 2010 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 2 Research problem 3 Aim and objective of research 3 Literature Review 4 Research Methodology 6 Research design Read MoreInternational Business Management Research Paper14582 Words   |  59 PagesASSOCIATION OF MANAGERS Postgraduate Diploma in Management INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT The Impact of Fixed Exchange Rates in a Global Economy A Research Project Report on the Relevance of Fixed Exchange Rate Systems A case of World Vision Kenya Student’s Name: Hesbone Nzambuli Kang’e Registration Number: CAM/2006/PGD/KEN/00143 Purpose: Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Postgraduate Diploma in Management Presented to: Cambridge Association of Manger, InternationalRead Moreweek 1 objectives Essay605 Words   |  3 Pagesinvolved in business research. 1.4 Describe the business research process. 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The need for ethical and sound leadership helps to facilitate and manage daily operations and to sustain their competitive advantage within the global economy. However, with this evolutionRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Management Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesLisa Calvano, I did not have the impression that research was involved in any part of business management. After meeting with her, I learned exactly how important research is to the business management discipline. Research in business management is a systematic investigation that helps to answer complications and problems within businesses. Research in the field contributes to solid management understanding and knowledge. Information from research is usually produced by classical methods: statisticalRead MoreSocial Media s Impact On Business Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature review Social media in business continually rises to be an in important tool in everyday business and this means that communication is greatly evolving. In this development period, social media has had a prodfound impact on businesses especially in marketing. As a result, many are using social media as a communication tool regardless of the negative impacts experienced in some aspcts of social media. As a result, many business organizations which are already exixting as well as startupsRead MoreQuestions On The Research Process Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages(Blakstad, 2008) discusses the â€Å"research process â€Å"and defines it as the step by step procedures of developing one’s research†. Tuner (2009) indicates that the availability of resources requirements is major factors to consider when selecting research questions. Sauro (2013) discussion of the research process provides further details on the factors that contribute to the successful research question selection. In selecting a successful research question, the research must be able to identify the

Compare and Contrast the Attitudes and Values of the Two...

Compare and contrast the attitudes and values of the two speakers of the poems and how the poets have used language to convey these between ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To His Coy MistressÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  by Andrew Marvel and ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"My Last DuchessÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  by Robert Browning Both the poems have the theme of love, written from a manÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s point of view, and explores the way men treat woman in relationships. The former does this by a male narrator writing a poem to a female, using imagery to entice her. The latter by using a duke, explaining the story of what happened to his previous wife whilst looking at her picture. Both the poems use imagery and other poetic devices but in different ways. The first uses them more often to impress her. The second uses them in a†¦show more content†¦This shows he knows how to write a love poem and he again he has all the right techniques for persuading a person. The second poem does also use imagery, however in a different way and for a different purpose. The narrator is describing the duchess to the emissary ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"ThatÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s my last duchess painted on the wallÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . This shows he is only des cribing the painting but as he is using the imagery he describes what she was like and how she made him angry. However as he describes her it makes her seem like she is just an object, which she was to him. This is his view of woman, that they belong to a man which was very common belief at that time. From the poetic devices used their attitudes are different because in the first he shows his sensitive side and tries to put a bit of romance into it. However the imagery in the second goes against him as he believes that she was his object and belonged to him. In both poems there is the recurrent theme of irony. In ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To His Coy MistressÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  the poemÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s entire first section is ironic in the sense that the speaker knows he isnÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t being genuine. The speaker uses words to his advantage and we can take little of what he says to be truthful. In Line 1, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Had we but world enough, and timeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . The first section of the poem is a series of hyperbolic statements meant to impress and flatter the reader but the

Pediatrics Physical Therapy Children With Autism and Down Syndrome

Question: Describe about the Essay on Pediatrics Physical Therapy for Children With Autism and Down Syndrome? Answer: The core signs that signify that a child has autism are difficulties in interaction and communication and a tendency to behave in a restricted and repetitive manner. In this case, Benjamin is having some communication, behavioural and coordination problems that indicate the possibility of him to have autism. First of all, he enjoys staying and playing with his toys alone without any interruption, and he has a diagnosed speech delay. Instead of using words to communicate he uses body language, smiling and crying and very occasionally he babbles. He has avoidance towards anyones physical contact. He is not able to follow instruction and visual prompts. He is not able to keep his toy car on the track or his ball in the basket. He often does some repetitive activities like clapping his hands over his ears or grinding his teeth out of no reason. He kicks his legs whenever he is angry. He has some obsessive practices like always holding something in his hand, playing with the same toy in a same way, etc. He faces a difficulty in standing without support, walks using a push toy and creeps on hands and knees. He is unable to imitate new activities shown by his therapist. He feels problem in sitting still, and there are some problems with his sitting posture. He sits in a w-sitting posture with a posterior pelvic tilt, back and soldiers rounded. He cannot hold his bottle while drinking and is not able to eat himself. As a professional physical therapist, I will say that Benjamin has Autism. By analysing his activities we can observe that he faces some difficulties in communicating with people, he has a problem with sitting, standing and walking, he is unable to follow instructions that are given by others and these are the symptoms of an autistic child. Family centred care is an important part of the treatment of a child with autism. FCC or family centred care plays a role in all aspects starting from assessment throughout the treatment. The FCC practices emerged as the System of Exclusion, and its key factors are 1) The Fight, 2) Roles and restrictions of care and 3) Therapeutic Rapport (Daniels et al., 2012). These three factors of FCC include: Learning about the system of the family and developing the respect for the preferences, culture and system of the family can help to overcome these hardships as everyone in the childs family gets affected by the increased stress and financial problem. Developing proper learning opportunities and teaching strategies for the child and taking regular feedback from the teachers. Developing the communication and managing the behaviour of the child. Involving the members of the family in the therapeutic sessions and their feedback should be taken on a regular basis. The opinion of the family about the child's interests and needs should be taken before starting the therapy (Dabrowska Pisula, 2010). Transcranial direct current stimulation can be an effective intervention strategy for motor development for Benjamin. In this method, an electrical energy of low intensity is applied to the cerebral cortex in order to fluctuate the magnetic fields coming from any external source. A DC is continuously applied through electrodes that are attached directly to the scalp which is just above the selected region of the brain. The excitability of the neurones is altered by this current either positively or negatively which leads to a change of the brain functions. TDCS has been proven successful to improve the communication skill, language skill and behavioural performance of children with autism. In recent days, it is being used as a potential treatment of language skill and speech of young minimally verbal and non-verbal autistic children. However some medical, practical and ethical challenges of these types of interventions are there related to the children (Reaven et al., 2012). An effective home programme for autistic children can be set at home based on some treatment methods by the parents. These types of programmes will help them to understand their children in a better way and will also help to improve the behavioural factors of the children. Relationship Development Intervention is a parent-child programme that mainly gives emphasis to the improvement of the social interactions and emotional responses of the child. RDI programme works on the understanding of a child towards nonverbal clues, social behaviour and an awareness of others emotions (Griffith et al., 2010). Applied Behavioural Analysis is a one-to-one plan that focuses on appreciating the right behaviour and avoiding bad behaviour for encouraging the correct responses. It requires reinforcing the good behaviour, a repetitive and structured teaching. The Floortime is a treatment method that encourages the children to be more interactive through various games and activities. By investing more time, parents can select proper activities for their children and expand their social communication (Daniels et al., 2012). Wraparound is a special programme where autistic children have a one-to-one session with a specialist. Such programmes are conducted at home, school and in other organizations. Parents can make their children participate in such activities (Griffith et al., 2010). As a physical therapist, my role is to work with the child along with his family with the help of certain activities. Improving the participation of the child in various activities of his daily life at home and school by helping him to acquire new motor skills. Development of coordination and stability of posture by some reciprocal play skills such as catching and throwing a ball with another person or copying the activity of someone. Evaluation of the improvement child by the assessment of his functional mobility, postural strength and control, awareness of body and safety, play skills and coordination, motivation, interest and emotional responses and participation in the activities of daily life. Monitoring the improvement of the child, collect data and designing various programmes that will lead to a positive outcome (Dabrowska Pisula, 2010). References: Dabrowska, A., Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of preà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ school Children With Autism And Down Syndrome.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,54(3), 266-280. Daniels, A. M., Rosenberg, R. E., Anderson, C., Law, J. K., Marvin, A. R., Law, P. A. (2012). Verification of parent-report of child autism spectrum disorder diagnosis to a web-based autism registry.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,42(2), 257-265. Griffith, G. M., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., Hill, C. (2010). Using matched groups to explore child behavior problems and maternal well-being in children with Down syndrome and autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,40(5), 610-619. Hebert, E. B., Koulouglioti, C. (2010). Parental beliefs about cause and course of their child's autism and outcomes of their beliefs: A review of the literature.Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing,33(3), 149-163. Mahajan, R., Bernal, M. P., Panzer, R., Whitaker, A., Roberts, W., Handen, B., ... Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2012). Clinical practice pathways for evaluation and medication choice for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in autism spectrum disorders.Pediatrics,130(Supplement 2), S125-S138. Reaven, J., Blakeleyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Smith, A., Culhaneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Shelburne, K., Hepburn, S. (2012). Group cognitive behavior therapy for children with highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: A randomized trial.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,53(4), 410-419. Speaks, A. (2011). What is autism.Retrieved on November17, 2011. Spek, A. A., Van Ham, N. C., NyklÄ ek, I. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy in adults with an autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial.Research in developmental disabilities,34(1), 246-253.

Market Strategies For Engaging Generation -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Market Strategies For Engaging Generation? Answer: Introducation Bollinger B1 primarily gained recognition as Worlds first all wheel and SUV drive occupied a predominant place in the realm of automobile industry. In order to expand the entire process of business in the global market the business experts of Bollinger B1 have decided to make an effective market plan for expanding the entire business wings in global market. The chronological steps of marketing plans are as follows: Making an effective situational analysis for evaluating the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of the company Analyzing the current needs and demands of the customers Setting a proper marketing goals and objectives in order to achieve the boundary of target market Developing the marketing communication strategies and policies for drawing the attention f target customers from different geographical markets Setting a proper budget for making an effective marketing plan as per the financial strength of the SWOT Analysis: Before making an effective promotional activity, the business experts of Bollinger B1 has made SWOT analysis in order to evaluate the threats and opportunities of Bollinger B1 for making business expansion. Strength Weakness Bollinger B1 is eco-friendly product having less pollution scattering in the environment Regenerative breaking system with Hydro-pneumatic suspension is the unique selling point of this specific brand This particular brand has been considered as Worlds first all electric and all wheel drive SUV The feature of having no fuel consumption is one of the most effective strength of Bollinger B1 This particular product is primarily applicable for the customers of rural areas. Therefore, the number of target market is not very much high in range Bollinger B1 is able to attract the attention of those customers who love SUV features. Therefore, the business experts do not get enough scope and opportunity in expanding their entire process of business in urban areas. Opportunity Threats The business experts are having opportunity to expand their entire business process in the urban areas as well In order to enhance the range of target market the marketing managers have the scope to enhance their promotional budget Competitors market strategy is one of the most effective threats for Bollinger B1 The business experts may have to face difficulties in maintaining sustainability of business due to limited number of target customers Table 1: SWOT Analysis (Source: McDonald Wilson, 2016) Competitors Analysis: Before making an effective competitors analysis the business experts of Bollinger B1 have made proper chronological steps for analyzing the needs and demands of the customers. The steps are as follows: Identify the target customers: While identifying the target customers it has been observed that youngsters, elders, sports adventures and lovers are the primary target customers whom the business experts of Bollinger B1 have focused primarily. Bollinger B1 is a complete sports utility brand that provides no consumption fuel (Ryan, 2016). In addition, this specific brand is constituted with Dual front and rear motor present to produce more power and speed while pulling heavy weights. As a result, the youngsters are highly attracted towards its innovative features. In addition, the people belonging to the rural areas are its primary target customers. Analyze the market share Bollinger B1 has a wide range of business in rural areas primarily where the people are very concerned in using eco-friendly products for avoiding high range of carbon emission. While analyzing its market share it has also been observed that Bollinger B1 has not yet been introduced properly in the urban market. Therefore, the market share of this specific brand is very much limited (Armstrong et al., 2015). In order to enhance the market share rate Bollinger B1 would have to increase number of target customers by drawing the attention of people belonging to different geographical boundaries as well as cultural attitudes. Evaluate strength and weakness of competitors: In 2011, GGT electric has introduced new line of all-electric trucks for sale that has become a major threat for Bollinger B1. This particular brand also produces eco-friendly products with innovative designs. However, GGT electric is possessed with some of its major disadvantages as well. This particular company is primarily concerned in producing and manufacturing trucks only. Sports Utility Truck is the unique selling point of this specific brand. On the other hand, Bollinger B1 is primary recognized for its vehicles of different designs and models (Ashley Tuten, 2015). In addition, Phoenix Motorcars has introduced a test fleet of their all-electric SUT (Sports Utility Truck) to Mau in the year 2009. This particular brand has also created a major threat to Bollinger B1 by rendering all electric and all wheel drives. Executive marketing strategy for drawing the attention of customers After evaluating the competitors market threat Bollinger B1 has decided to launch vehicles of different deigns so that customers of various geographical boundaries and attitudes can easily get attracted towards the services. The brands like GGT electric, Phoenix Motorcars are primary concerned in producing electric trucks (Cronin-Gilmore, 2012). In order to render a serious competition in the market of different motor vehicles Bollinger B1 has emerged different products of innovative designs with the help of which people belonging to different geographical markets would like to show their interest in purchasing the products as well as services. Three marketing objectives: To provide eco-friendly products having no pollution in next 6 months To render more innovative designs for drawing the attention of large number of target customers in coming 6 months To make the configuration more advanced in technology for fulfilling the needs and demands of international customers Three financial objectives: To increase the rate of revenue in next 6 months by increasing sales volume of products To invest sufficient amount of money in promotional activities for introducing the product in urban areas as well in next 6 months To increase the remuneration package of employees for motivating them towards business services Marketing mix and digital marketing communication: Bollinger B1 business experts have decided to invest sufficient budget for increasing the promotional activity in order to draw the attention of large number of target customers. The marketing managers have primarily focused on sports adventures and lovers along with youngsters (Shank Lyberger, 2014). In order to reach the attention of those target customers the brand has focused to follow marketing mix strategies. The marketing managers have concentrated on highlighting 4 Ps of marketing mix strategies. These are as follows: Product: The vehicles are constituted with lightweight along with metal body. Vehicles are having power of saving many energy sources. Providing eco friendly products to the customers is one of the most effective features of Bollinger B1. It is at the same time undeniable that Bollinger B1 can produce vehicles of innovative designs (Lefebvre, 2013). It has achieved a special recognition in the market of SUV. This specific product is not only restricted to one type of vehicle. In addition, providing no fuel consumption is one of the most significant features that Bollinger B1 is having within it. Price: Bollinger B1 can produce eco-friendly products in affordable price range. At the same time, it is undeniable that this specific product is very not much restricted to premium clients. Both middle class people as well as premium clients are eligible for affording the products due to its moderate price range. In addition, the products have been made in making technologically advanced (Roberts Zahay, 2012). As a result, people in general may have to face difficulties in operating the vehicle properly. Affordable price range is one of the most significant strengths of this specific brand based on which the business experts have given a major competitors threat. Place: Place is one of the most important marketing mix strategies based on which the consumer behavior is highly dependent. Bollinger B1 has established their entire business process in convenient places (Liu, Kasturiratne Moizer, 2012). As a result, people belonging to different geographical markets do not have t struggle in availing the different counters of Bollinger B1. The primary target customers of this specific brand are primarily based on rural areas. Therefore, the business experts have entered into the market of different rural regions as well in order to draw the attention of their target customers. Promotion: While promoting the brand Bollinger B1 has focused on both digital marketing communication as well as traditional media for acquiring the attention of large number of people. The marketing managers have focused on street hoardings, public posters, different newspapers, news media channels and so many. By using the popularity of traditional media vehicles the business experts have drawn the attention of people from different age group (Morgan, 2012). On the other hand, in order to draw the attention of youngsters the marketing managers have focused to use digital media communication. Different social media pages are used to draw the attention of customers sitting different geographical corners. In order to draw the attention of young generation belonging to different countries social media is the best significant vehicles where the service providers can collect necessary feedback from customers of various places with the help of social media communication. Action plan to achieve marketing objectives Action Plan Description To provide eco-friendly products In order to produce eco-friendly products the business experts intend to use environmental friendly ingredients for manufacturing the vehicles To render more innovative designs In order to increase the number of target customers the business experts of Bollinger B1 have decided to render diversity in products and services To make the products more advanced in technology In order to draw the attention of youngsters as well as sports lover the product designers have introduced product innovation within the entire process of business. Implementing advanced technology in product operation is one of the most significant ways of gaining product image and reputation To increase the rate of revenue In order to expand the business process Bollinger B1 has to increase the revenue growth (Leeflang et al., 2014). As a result, business experts would have to expand their entire process of business in the global market. To invest sufficient amount of money in promotional activities It has been observed that Bollinger B1 did not focus on maintaining an effective promotional campaign that can attract the attention of target customers from different geographical areas as well. Therefore, promotional activities should be increased. Consequently, Bollinger B1 would have to increase their promotional budget. To increase the remuneration package of employees Increasing remuneration package is highly important to motivate the employees towards business services. The success of a particular business organization is highly dependent on the performance level of employees (Hays, Page Buhalis, 2013). Therefore, providing rewards and recognition encourages the motivation level of performers. Automatically business organization would be able to reach the peak of success. Table 2: Action Plan (Source: Morgan, Katsikeas Vorhies, 2012) Implementation and control of marketing plan In order to implement the marketing objectives, plans and policies the business executives of Bollinger B1 have focused on some of the most significant areas so that they can implement the marketing plan as well as control the risk factors as well. Bollinger B1 should render product variety in order to draw the attention of urban customers as well. If the business experts fail to draw the attention of urban customers, the marketing managers should focus on rural target market at once by entering more areas that are rural (Castronovo Huang, 2012). Employees should be paid for addition work hour so that they tend to provide their best effort towards the services. If the employees fail to perform well the business experts can withdraw the policy of rewards and recognition The business experts should focus on using the popularity of social media more effectively rather than focusing on using traditional media (Terpstra, Foley Sarathy, 2012). If the service providers fail to operate advanced technology, the business executives can provide an effective training and development session to the employees in order to enhance their technological skill and competency. Reference List: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Ashley, C., Tuten, T. (2015). Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement.Psychology Marketing,32(1), 15-27. Castronovo, C., Huang, L. (2012). Social media in an alternative marketing communication model.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,6(1), 117. Cronin-Gilmore, J. (2012). Exploring marketing strategies in small businesses.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,6(1), 96. Hays, S., Page, S. J., Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), 211-239. Leeflang, P. S., Verhoef, P. C., Dahlstrm, P., Freundt, T. (2014). Challenges and solutions for marketing in a digital era.European management journal,32(1), 1-12. Lefebvre, R. C. (2013).Social marketing and social change: Strategies and tools for improving health, well-being, and the environment. John Wiley Sons. Liu, S., Kasturiratne, D., Moizer, J. (2012). A hub-and-spoke model for multi-dimensional integration of green marketing and sustainable supply chain management.Industrial Marketing Management,41(4), 581-588. McDonald, M., Wilson, H. (2016).Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Morgan, N. A. (2012). Marketing and business performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(1), 102-119. Morgan, N. A., Katsikeas, C. S., Vorhies, D. W. (2012). Export marketing strategy implementation, export marketing capabilities, and export venture performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), 271-289. Roberts, M. L., Zahay, D. (2012).Internet marketing: Integrating online and offline strategies. Cengage Learning. Ryan, D. (2016).Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Shank, M. D., Lyberger, M. R. (2014).Sports marketing: A strategic perspective. Routledge. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Theodosiou, M., Kehagias, J., Katsikea, E. (2012). Strategic orientations, marketing capabilities and firm performance: An empirical investigation in the context of frontline managers in service organizations.Industrial Marketing Management,41(7), 1058-1070

Divine Comedy and the Odyssey as Epics

The poems ‘Divine Comedy’ and ‘The Odyssey’ have characteristics of an epic piece of literature. Epic poems have distinct features that separate them from other poems. To start with, they are lengthy and usually in a narrative style. Their themes are grand and the main characters are heroic figures. The protagonists face many challenges in the course of the poems, culminating into victory or failure. Some epics have supernatural figures or powers, while others have physical combats exemplary displayed by one or two characters.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Divine Comedy and the Odyssey as Epics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, epics tackle the daily routine of life not just entertaining or glorifying some characters. Instead, they capture events that transpired in a given period. This paper will demonstrate that ‘Divine Comedy’ and ‘The Odyssey’ are classic epics depicting the events happening in their respective periods. It will also compare and contrast the two poems under consideration. In ‘The Odyssey’, by Homer, Odysseus is the heroic figure, who has fought in the Trojan War and achieved victory. He struggles to get back to his homeland, Ithaca, but his journey is full of tribulations. Odysseus is constantly under the danger of attack and dodging death, giving him ample time to think about his life, in particular, the spiritual life. However, he has to go home to Ithaca and save his people. The fact that Odysseus is a hero in a mission to save his nation distinguishes the poem as an epic. ‘Divine Comedy’ by Dante Alighieri reflects on life after death. The poet pens down his imagination of how hell would look like. It is a poem about the supernatural more than about a hero, which is the first difference between the current poem and ‘The Odyssey’. ‘Divine Comedy’ has 14, 2 33 lines, the number that is almost equal to ‘The Odyssey’ (Dante 43). Dante makes himself the main character in the work that can be viewed as an aspect that distinguishes it from other epics. In spite of these differences in main characters, the two poems fit perfectly within the definition of an epic. The beginning and setting of the two poems epitomize the writings as well. ‘The Odyssey’ starts by invoking a muse. Then, Homer follows this by extrapolating on the themes in the poem, which is a characteristic of an epic. The setting covers a vast distance as Odysseus travels back to Ithaca across the Mediterranean Sea after the Trojan War. Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’ also begins in medias res. There are three different settings in the poem: the inferno, purgatorio, and paradise. The many settings afford epic poets an opportunity to develop their themes without space constraints.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It should be outlined that a major characteristic of epics is the use of heroic figures. Odysseus is the hero in Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’, who is venerated and fondly sobriquet the â€Å"Odyssey, master mariner and solder† (Homer 436). Odysseus undergoes numerous trials and tribulations but he emerges stronger each time. In the poem, the main hero and his men run into Cyclops. Facing imminent defeat, the brave leader intelligently fools Cyclops and blindfolds him. Thus, Odysseus secures his men’s safety. In another episode, the king of Ithaca encounters Circle, the Greek goddess with powers to turn men into animals. Again, he secures the safety of his men by defeating the mighty woman. In the third encounter, visiting the underworld and meets his mother and other fallen heroes. Notably, the interaction between dead and living men is a distinct feature of epics. ‘D ivine Comedy’ is different because it does not have a human hero who excels in war. Instead, the author enters into the afterlife and presents it to his audience. Thirty-five-year-old Dante makes entrance into a dark forest where he sees a light from a distance and attempts to reach it. However, a ferocious and angry lion stands on his way. A spirit comes to rescue him but not without a price. The main character will have to go through hell, purgatory, and then get his way to heaven. Dante is ready to take the journey because of his desire to escape from a sinful world. In this poem, the author makes extensive use of supernatural beings, animals, and dead people, which can qualify the writing piece as an epic poem. Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’ extensively applies supernatural forces, an aspect of an epic. Gods and goddess appear in the poem in many instances. Some of the supernatural forces help the hero while others are viewed as a hindrance to the hero’s progress. Poseidon hinders Odysseus’ progress by putting him through Calypso, a very dangerous island. Goddess Circle opposes Oedipus’ trespass and threatens to kill his men. However, other gods and goddess facilitate Oedipus’ journey back to Ithaca. Athena, for instance, helps Oedipus escape from goddess Circle in Calypso. Hermes too facilitates Oedipus’ sojourn by offering protection against Calypso. As mentioned earlier, the use of superpowers is one characteristic of epics. Calypso, Hermes, Poseidon, and Circle elevate Homer’s poem epic stature. Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’ uses supernatural powers and unreal settings extensively. As mentioned before, Dante makes his poem unique by presenting himself as the main character. In his epic, he narrates his afterlife in hell and finally the journey to heaven. He also describes Virgil as the other main character in his poem, who was a Roman poet widely acclaimed for his Christian ways and moral rectitude. Capturing war escapades of the man who founded Rome, Virgil redeems Dante by offering him the way to heaven.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Divine Comedy and the Odyssey as Epics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other deceased character in Dante’s poem is Beatrice, the author’s first love, who guides him in heaven. There are other mythological personages and creatures in the poem, including Arachne and Harpies, supernatural figures like demons, angels, and the devil. Just like in Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’, the use of mythological and supernatural figures enhances the poem’s epic nature. One should bear in mind that the epic poems do not merely entertain or detail lives of heroes for their own sake. Instead, they pass across a message that resonates with what was happening at the particular period. Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’ captures the materialism and moral decadence that plagued his society. The poem employs deep allegory to depict the consequences of sin. Thus, it begins on the eve of Good Friday with the setting in the thick of dark woodland. On the opposite side, allure of the sun beckons but a ferocious lion stands on the way. It could be considered that the dark forest symbolizes sin. The sun, however, represents salvation. The lion embodies all the things that hold human beings back from heaven. By timing his death on a Good Friday, Dante captures how Jesus died to save humanity. He argues that peoples’ greed and self-seeking pursuit set them apart from God. Homer’s ‘ The Odyssey’ captures Odysseus’ trials and challenges as he attempts to get back to his people. The theme of homecoming runs through the poem. Temptation as a theme is also recurrent. Thus, Odysseus resists numerous temptations as he makes his way to Ithaca. However, some of his solders suffer psychologica l peril because of falling into temptations. At a symbolic level, the poem shows how weakness makes human beings vulnerable. Identity and exile also run through the poem where Odysseus is in a foreign country to fight for his homeland. After winning the war, he has to go through hostile land to his people back at home that also need him. At a symbolic level, this journey represents human pursuit of identity. In conclusion, the paper has extrapolated some characteristics of epics that are genres of long poetry, often classical. They are narratives with the elevated themes usually focusing on success and failures of heroes. Additionally, they may have supernatural characters that interact with mortals. The poems ‘Divine Comedy’ by Dante and Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’ are epics. They start in medias res and invoke a muse in the beginning. Homer’s poem concentrates on extraordinary acts of king of Ithaca who is returning home after a successful war in a foreign land.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Throughout his journey, he encounters stiff resistance from some gods and goddess but manages to arrive home at the end. Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’ focuses on afterlife where the author imagines the life after death and commits himself to investigate it for the audience. His poem is a protestation against materialism and decadence that rocked his society. The two poems fit perfectly within the characteristics of an epic. Works Cited Dante, Alighieri. The Divine Comedy. London: Laurence King, 2010. Print. Homer. The Odyssey. London: Penguin Classics, 2009. Print. This essay on Divine Comedy and the Odyssey as Epics was written and submitted by user Blaze G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essays

My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essays My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essay My Development as Interpreted by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essay After analyzing Bronfenbrenner’s theory (1979; Bronfenbrenner Ceci, 1994), I used it to interpret my development.   At the microscopic level (the child’s genetic characteristics, e.g., genetic sex, and predispositions), a probable predisposition towards being athletic interacted positively with my relationships with peers and involvement in team sports (mesosystem influences).   Another mesosystem influence, responsibilities in caring for my younger brothers and sister, influenced my values about children and career goals. Exosystem influences worked to my advantage since, for example, the mass media has glorified athletic success, and macrosystem influences, the general culture and its subgroups, led to a football scholarship, making it possible to attend college.   These influences led to enrolling in a Master’s program to prepare me for working with children having adjustment difficulties. At the time Bronfenbrenner was developing an ecological theory of development (1979), the social learning theory that development was a function of the environment acting on a passive child was dominant (Bandura, 1977).  Ã‚   Bronfenbrenner recognized that the child actively influenced environmental responses (1979).   As examples, happy babies elicit more responsive behaviors from caretakers than babies with more difficult temperaments (e.g., Keller Scholmerich, 1987) and sociable children receive more positive attention than shy children from their peers (e.g., Adler Adler, 1998).   Also contrary to social learning theory (Bandura, 1977), Bronfenbrenner recognized that while controlled experiments were important, we also needed to study children in their natural contexts, as they actually behaved in their homes, schools, playgrounds, etc., and that parents were only one of the important influences on development (1979).   His theory has been an important influence on curr ent theories, which have â€Å"moved beyond a focus on main effects of parenting to efforts to understand complex interactions between individuals and their environments† (Vandell, 2000, p. 700). Bronfenbrenner’s theory (1979) was that development began with the child, prior to environmental influences (the microsystem), then expanded to relationships in the mesosystem, i.e., early environmental influences children experienced directly, typically in their own neighborhoods, e.g., their immediate families, peers, schools.   Development also included indirect influences, the exosystem, e.g., public health services, school policies.   Contrary to Bronfenbrenner’s earlier observations (1970) and also to current research findings (e.g., Werner Smith, 1992), examples of indirect influences also included adults such as neighbors and extended family (1979).   Interactions with adults outside of one’s immediate family (e.g., neighbors, aunts, uncles) have positively influenced the development of children (e.g., Werner Smith, 1992).   The broadest influences, the macrosystem, were both the dominant culture and groups within this culture (e.g., socioeconom ic status, SES). Science is impersonal, and new empirical evidence should result in the modification of existing theory.   As Bandura was influenced by findings inconsistent with social learning theory and developed social-cognitive theory (1989), Bronfenbrenner revised his theory based on findings of behavioral-genetic researchers that there are inherited predispositions for a wide variety of personality characteristics (e.g., depression, Behar, 1980; attitudes, Tesser, 1993; alcoholism, Hill, 1990; shyness, Kagan, Reznick, Snidman, 1988).   In Bronfenbrenner’s revised bioecological theory, the microsystem, the child’s initial state, has been expanded in order to understand the extent to which these predispositions become manifested (i.e., how genotypes become phenotypes) by interacting with the influences in the other systems described above (2005; Bronfenbrenner Ceci, 1994). Influences on my development After my birth, my young mother worked and also returned to high school.   We lived in an urban lower SES environment, with a high crime rate, gangs, and easy access to drugs.   According to Bronfenbrenner (1979), the microsystem (i.e., me) would be interacting with less than favorable influences, beginning with the macrosystem’s (lower SES) influence on the exosystem (e.g., under-funding of schools and community services) and mesosystem (e.g., too little access to parents, too much access to drug-using, gang-member peers).   In an interview (Addison, 1992), Bronfenbrenner remained critical of our society’s failure to establish conditions where work and other settings were designed to incorporate the needs of families:   â€Å"We have to have social policies that enable family life and work to be carried on simultaneously†¦our country is far behind in   making the necessary rearrangements† (p. 17). Based on Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory (Bronfenbrenner Ceci, 1994), the genetic predispositions of the child, i.e., the microsystem, interacted with influences from the other levels.   I can make inferences about my own predispositions, based on autobiographical memories of events that occurred after the age of two or three (the ages most of us believe we were at the time of our reported earliest memories, Mullen, 1994).  Ã‚   Since childhood, I remember enjoying and excelling at sports, thus I probably was predisposed to being athletic.   This was a most fortunate predisposition because even in childhood, consistent with research (Adler Adler, 1998), being athletic resulted in high status among my peers, in turn increasing my confidence, and possibly a reason why I was sociable and made friends easily. Untangling predispositions is difficult because, for example, a predisposition for being athletic certainly could have contributed to my becoming sociable, but there also is a genetic predisposition for being sociable (i.e., extroversion,   Owen Sines, 1970), which, in turn, is a reason why children find it easy to make friends (Adler Adler, 1998).   In my case, as in most families, my relatives range from being highly extraverted to being highly introverted, with most being at neither extreme on the introversion-extraversion personality dimension.   Nonetheless, it is likely that a genetic predisposition for being athletic was a reason for being in a favorable position in terms of my mesosystem. Sports also led me to join church-sponsored teams and then middle- and high-school teams.   Despite the TV ads and despite the delusions of some parents, kids from all SES groups are involved, to varying extents, with drugs, especially marijuana (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, 1998).   Usage in my neighborhood was lower among team members than among other groups.   In lower SES neighborhoods (the macrosystem) similar to where I grew up, there was status associated with being in a gang.   The gang members were heavy users of drugs such as crack cocaine, cheaper than the cocaine available in higher SES groups, but nonetheless requiring money that could be made by dealing. Since poverty is a good predictor of criminal behavior (Bjerk, 2007), it isn’t surprising that low SES youth are over-represented, relative to middle-class youth, in the juvenile (so-called) justice system.   In my neighborhood, it wasn’t unusual for a preteen boy with a reputation for using crack to experience his first encounter with the long arm of the law, an influence from the macrosystem.   Contrary to exosystem influences on middle-class youth, the legal services available to low SES youth and the greater penalties given to offenses involving the less expensive crack cocaine probably would result in this preteen boy from my neighborhood winding up in a mesosystem consisting of young future criminals, AKA Juvenile Detention.   Many people are fond of theories of between-group genetic differences (not part of Bronfenbrenner’s theory), which often become best-selling junk psychology books (e.g., Herrnstein Murray, 1994).   Thus it is important to note that early (e.g., Dobzhansky Montagu, 1947, cited in Montagu, 1974) and continued consistent evidence (reviewed in Neisser, 1997) has disconfirmed theories of between-group genetic differences, and whatever genetic predispositions the preteen boy I described had were not a result of his low SES. My own involvement and talent in sports resulted in a football scholarship that made it possible for me to go to college.   There have been newspaper debates about what scholarships in high-profile sports imply about our culture’s values, but, for me, the macrosystem’s interaction with other systems was a blessing.   I had some thoughts about professional football, but my football-playing days ended after a knee injury.   Because of experiences with children, described below, I majored in criminal justice, hoping to find a job working with youthful offenders. My mesosystem includes five younger brothers and a younger sister.   My mom needed to work and she counted on me to care for my brothers and sister in her absence. My relationship with my mom has always been positive, and I did not resent having grown-up responsibilities.   In fact, I felt proud that my mom trusted me (a positive contribution to my mesosystem) and I began to learn that our society devalues the worth of caring for children.   I didn’t and don’t believe that the jobs older children in my neighborhood had – delivering newspapers, mowing lawns, etc. – were as rewarding as caring for my younger siblings.   In the world of adult work, daycare-center teachers and aides are among the most poorly paid workers, suggesting a cultural lack of concern (a macrosystem influence) about where we leave our children (influencing their microsystems). My own positive experiences with my siblings influenced my desire to work with children.   However, after I graduated from college, with a major in criminal justice, I wasn’t able to find such a job.   I became certified as an emergency medical technician, and, in this capacity, work as a firefighter, a job that is satisfying, but does not provide the rewards I had hoped to find in my work.   I enjoy being the father of two children, being involved in their lives and the lives of their friends, and I also enjoy coaching little-league football.   These activities, an important part of my mesosystem, are rewarding and have helped in convincing me to return to my earlier goal of working with children.   Thus, as described above, Bronfenbrenner’s levels of influence ultimately led to my enrollment in a Master’s program in General Human Services, a degree that will qualify me for jobs that involve working with children who are having difficulties in adjustin g to traumatic life events, such as child abuse.

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Personal statement - Essay Example Yet, despite the adversities that I encounter, I resolve to keep my head high and bravely face the challenges that come along my way. My dream is to finish the program Electrical Engineering in your reputable institution. Just knowing that your institution have accomplished alumni and outstanding teachers makes me very excited knowing that this is the best possible place to get educated. I hope that I would be given the privilege to finish my studies at your amazing institution. I am Betelhem, a migrant from Ethiopia where I finished my high school studies. My dream is to become an Electrical Engineer one day. Behind every dream is a story of which I would detail so this institution would understand my desire to pursue my dream. Because of my transfer to the United States, I was unable to finish my college degree at my country. Also, I was compelled to go out of my country because very few universities have an Electrical Engineering program. Besides, that program required a 4.0 GPA o f which I was unable to meet during my high school days. As a consequence, I had to pursue either Marketing or Accounting which were really not my interest at all. This was very upsetting for me since I could not accept anything less than becoming an Electrical Engineer someday. My dream to become an Electrical Engineer was an influence of my father. ... The buildings that were erected contributed to the infrastructural growth of the country. There was no way to compromise my dream so I convinced my family that I have to pursue my studies in this country. Leaving my mother and sister behind was heart breaking but I have more to look forward to. I know one day that I would come back as an Electrical Engineer. All the knowledge and experience I have gained would be shared to my fellowmen so I can be a productive member of my beloved Ethiopia. Looking back, more than five years has passed since I moved here. Currently, I am working on my transfer from Edmonds Community College. However, academic life is just one part of the struggles that I had to overcome when I moved in this country. There were far deeper concerns that I have to attend such as adjusting to the culture and language which really surprised me. Back in Ethiopia, I was excited to come to America since the media always portray this country as full of opportunities. Later, t he reality set in as gradually experienced what is it like to live in the United States and interact with members of this society. The language, the culture, the new sights and sounds seemed attractive yet frightening at the same time. After a few more years, I finally adjusted to my new environment clutching tightly to my dream. I resolved to pursue the dream whatever it takes. Another challenge took its place that almost quenched my desire to fulfill my dream is financial hardship. Going to college was quite complicated on my part since I have to work full time and squeeze in extra hours required by the job. Presently, I work as a sales associate at Macy’s department store. This has been my first job since I moved here.

The women used their voice as power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The women used their voice as power - Essay Example The paper pursues to comprehend the power of the female voice and sexuality as demonstrated by Miranda in â€Å"The Tempest† and Cunegonde in â€Å"Candide.† Miranda and Cunegonde have demonstrated that women should not remain quiet and submissive within the background. The two personalities mirror the mentalities of the men who court them, and to a level, create them. Miranda’s marriage to Ferdinand aids Prospero to regain his dukedom in The Tempest. Throughout both works, Cunegonde and Miranda come out as markedly florid and romanticized terms that imply the women are not what the protagonists identify them to be (Nelson 2). Voice is power filled with truth and love and can be regarded as an embodiment of the women’s strong spirit within the society. In the play, â€Å"The Tempest,† Miranda is the daughter of Prospero who falls in love with the Prince of Naples, Ferdinand. Miranda comes out as gentle and compassionate, but also passive and a heroi ne. Initially, Miranda displays meek and emotional nature; however, in the play final scene, Miranda she surprisingly comes out as forthright and powerful to the extent of complicating the reader’s constructions of her as naive. In The Tempest, a father isolates his daughter with the aim of protecting her from the terrible realities the world. Miranda enjoys all the privileges of her father’s reign over the island. ... Miranda’s relationship with a shipwrecked prince contributes to the reconciliation of the exiled Duke with the Milanese court. The romantic aspect of the play highlighted by the inclusion of most of the dialogue between Miranda and Ferdinand within the play-text, especially in Act 3. Miranda delivers a powerful speech to Ferdinand in Act III, Scene I in which she declares her undying love for him. Miranda uses this speech to propose marriage, but also practically insist on it. The demonstrates the power of her voice  in which Miranda appears to break out of her predictable self as she has established under the influence of her father’s magic. The first instance features in Act I, scene 2, in which Miranda appears to arrive to a point at which she can no longer contain what she thinks. This does not arise from the fact that her desires are getting better, but rather Miranda realizes the requisite of expressing her desires. As a result, the naive girl who could hardly h old still long enough to listen to her father’s a long story in Act I, Scene 2 is replaced by an assertive, more mature woman at this moment. In the powerful speech Miranda proclaims her sexual independence by employing a metaphor that implies both a pregnancy and an erection, which appears to transform her all at once from a girl into a woman. Miranda in â€Å"The Tempest† uses her voice to carry the plot forward, whereby she pledges to be with Ferdinand regardless of the cost to herself (Shakespeare, Jonathan, and Eric 7). The power of Miranda’s voice features in Act II, Scene I, in which Miranda makes a marriage proposal to Ferdinand can be regarded Miranda’s second surprising moment. Miranda’s proposal follows her resolve to remember her

Jewish art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jewish art history - Essay Example The Dura Europas Temple started as a simple private home. The Jews converted the home to a synagogue during the 2nd Century. The Jews are a religious people. As religious individuals, the people often go to pray in their temples. The Dura Europus is one of the famous temples of the Jews. However, the temple was reduced to sand starting in 244 CE. The Jews filled the temple with wall paintings. The paintings included the famous Tanakh stories. The people’s lives revolve around the temple’s teachings. The priests impart the religious rules on how to live life by implementing the religious teachings. The images on the temple walls add to the religious fervor of the people. Several individuals did not believe that the decorative cycle paintings reflected didactic images. The images include stories of the Ark located in the land of the Philistines. The images include the important story of the Tabernacle’s consecration. The Dura Europas’ ceiling was filled with majestic images. The images had Roman themes. The temple included the Torah Shrine image, the Menorah Image, and the Akedat Yizchak (binding Isaac as he is prepared for the Sacrifice). The Paintings located inside the Dura Europas had Eastern, Roman, and Hellenic themes. The Lower East side of New York Movie shows how the Jews lived (Riis 1). The Jews were poor people. Consequently, they lived tightly packed like sardines under one roof. In some homes, six persons slept on one bed, tightly embracing one another. Some Jews lived together under one small room in Shtelt and other communities. Consequently, the rooms were congested with people. Tightly packed, the Jews, especially the children, often played together on the streets and within their residences or communities. When the Jews come out of their temples, they are either smiling or crying. They are smiling because they are happy to hear the priests’ new

Cost Management in Construction

Cost Management in Construction Client expect from the project manager to manage costs in a precise and responsive approach. It is essential, during the design progress, the project manager to have the ability to supervise a projects scope and costs. Budget control is a requirement for a successful project. For a successful budget control variances must be identified and informed actions must be taken at main design milestones. In order to ensure the client that the project will be on budget and on time, meeting the owners objectives, an efficient cost management and budget control program must be established from the conceptual phase to the bid phase. Cost management and control budget, during the design phase, is not a difficult goal but is a worthwhile goal. It is important because changes because it is easier, during the design phase, to accommodate changes and the cost of such modifications is lower compared to later phases. In order to achieve an effective cost management and budget control an organized metho dology and approach must be established. Furthermore, team members must understand their roles and responsibilities, and good estimating techniques must be used (Sundaram, 2008). The first typical objective of design phase cost management is to estimate a sufficient and accurate budget. The second objective is to ensure that bids are in budget. Then make sure alignment of budget, scope and owners requirements. The last typical objective is to reduce risks because of cost overruns. During the design phase, all the design team members must show a cost conscious approach. All members of the design team must use cost control, as a design tool, to reduce the risks of cost overruns (Sundaram, 2008). In order to approach an effective cost management design, team members must demonstrate a strong commitment to the project budget and target costs. A cost model must be established for the cost estimate in aid of managing the cost effectively and tracked easily variances to support decision-making (Sundaram, 2008). Requirements must be manage in order to balance requirements with owners affordability. Scope creeps must be monitored and controlled (Macaluso J., et al, 2004).Cost drivers must be considered in aid of establishing product specifications. Cost must be considered, during development, as an essential design parameter (Crow, 2000). Exploration of design alternatives to develop lower cost design approaches. Value engineering and value analysis must be used in order to improve product value at minimised cost (Crow, 2000). Use of constructability review in order to ensure, that the project will be finished in realistic, programmed cost parameters. Finally, documentation of revi ew meetings discussions and confirmations of design decisions must be done (Sundaram, 2008). The above mentioned objectives and approaches of cost management in design phase will result the following benefits. More precise estimates would be achieved and they have as a result to improve business decisions. Budget cost control would be improved. Change control would be improved and there will be less likelihood of unplanned scope creep. Finally it will improve the timely identification of problem areas (Sundaram, 2008). Methodology of budget control In a phased plan development with design milestones, the estimated cost is organized at each milestone. Furthermore, the cost is reconciled with budget at each milestone (Figure 1). The budget for the project is refined all the way through the different design phases. All elements of the budget must be plainly defined, captured and developed during each phase (Sundaram, 2008). According to Sundaram (2008) the recommended steps for a successful budget control are the following. First, the project scope and the project baselines details must be understand. At every design stage, schematic, design development and construction document phase must be prepared an updated estimate and track the updated estimate against the previous stage budget for any variations. In order to get the project back on track budget/scope alignment must be checked. The variances or scope creep must be identified and make right trade-offs between scope, quality and scope to contain the project on budget. A confirmation must be done that the differences among previous and current design costs are reconciled, in order to ensure that needless changes and costs have not take place, before proceeding to the next stage until the final stage. (Sundaram, 2008). Roles/Responsibilities of the architect, the estimator, owners and stakeholders for effective cost management and budget control Furthermore, for effective cost management and budget control, it is necessary that the estimator and the architect understand their roles and responsibilities (Sundaram, 2008). The role of the contractors estimator is vital to the success of the organization. The estimator is responsible for predicting the most economic costs for construction in a way that is both clear and consistent. Although an estimator will have a feel for the prices in the marketplace, it is the responsibility of management to add an amount for general overheads, assess the risks and turn the estimate into a tender (Brook, 2004). Estimator must understand that he plays an important role in the whole process of budget control. During the design phase the estimator must coordinate with the design team. The role of the estimator does not end in producing an estimate. It is essential the estimator to be involved from the early stages in the design process because things can be changed without great difficulty. The estimator must observe design decisions that influence cost and inform the design team, at the earliest achievable time, of the impact of design decisions. The estimator must make effort to understand the design aim in aim to predict cost implications. He must be able to offer the best potential construction information to the design team (Sundaram, 2008). Sundaram 2008 also state that estimator should convey to the design team, that in addition to the design factors, final cost is governed by other variables such escalation, union and non-union wages, and the nature of construction (Sundaram, 2008). A simplistic view of the role of the architects is that they create architectures, and their responsibilities encompass all that is involved in doing so. This would include articulating the architectural vision, conceptualizing and experimenting with alternative architectural approaches, creating models and component and interface specification documents, and validating the architecture against requirements and assumptions. However, any experienced architect knows that the role involves not just these technical activities, but others that are more political and strategic in nature on the one hand, and more like those of a consultant, on the other (Bredemeyer Malan, 2006). The architect, during the schematic stage, is bound by three constraints quality, cost and size requirements (Figure 2). The architect is responsible to assist the owner in choosing the priorities and also making the correct trade-offs. For example, if cost is the primary concern for the owner must try to contain costs and make the owner to realize the amount of size requirements and quality he will obtain to suit the budget. Furthermore, architect must also assist the owner to determine his second and third priorities (Sundaram, 2008). During the design stage architect can make adjustments to the materials, the quality or architectural effect and size requirements. Value engineering sessions, including a multidiscipline team, will make sure that owners functions are offered in the most cost-effective approach without reducing quality. At this stage, before going on to the construction stage, the architect and the owner must be sure of the cost. Architect must realize that except reflecting the design also determines the cost (Sherwin, D. 2009). A review of the design, specifications and contract documents before the bidding stage will have as a result competitive bids and fewer changes later on (Sundaram, 2008). The owner is a component of the design team and his decisions can influence the final bid value. The owner, before confirming the bid package, must think about the following considerations. According to Sundaram (2008) is better the bid package to be simple without confusing documents. Unreasonable requirements must be avoided and is wise to follow proven type of contracts. In order not to limit competition, the unnecessary use bidding limitations and the persistence on nominated suppliers and subcontractors, must be avoided. The risk considerations and the adequacy of contingency must be checked. For example, unit price items should be better for items of work which are difficult to quantify. The risk to contractor is removed and the owner has to pay for the work actually executed (Sundaram, 2008). An essential aspect of a successful project is the relationship with stakeholders. Freeman defined stakeholders as all those who can influence the objectives of the firm, or are influenced by the fir, in attaining their own objectives. The set of actors identified is extensive, and includes consumers and suppliers, employees, shareholders, environmentalist groups, trade unions, local communities and governmental bodies (Keijzers, 2005). Therefore, dealing with stakeholders is an issue of choosing the stakeholders that really matter. Mitchell et al. state that for this selection process there are three criteria. The first criterion is the power a stakeholder has over the company (Mitchell et al, 1997). Power focuses on the question of how much the company needs the resources provided by that stakeholder only (Keijzers, 2005). The second criterion is legitimacy. This criterion concerns legitimate claims of a stakeholder on the firm. (Mitchell et al, 1997). For example, governmental bod ies are essential in this respect, because they have the legitimacy to build up rules for companies (Keijzers, 2005). The last criterion is urgency. The claims of stakeholders can differ with respect to the urgency of a response of the firm. (Keijzers, 2005). Rowley states that stakeholders might have connections, and that company works in a network of stakeholders (Rowley, 1997). This implies that a stakeholder may not be crucial given the variables of legitimacy, power or urgency, but it still should be selected because it influences other stakeholders that are important to the firm. An example of this would be the local community of a crucial supplier of the firm. (Keijzers, 2005).

The Film Camila Essay -- Maria Luisa Bemberg Movies essays papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film â€Å"Camila† was produced in 1984 and directed by Maria Luisa Bemberg (1922-1955). Based on the true story of Camila O’Gorman, an Argentine woman who falls in love with a priest in 1840’s Buenos Aires, this story dealt with the terrifying reign of Juan Manuel de Rosas. Camila is from an influential family and is betrothed to a Rosas loyalist. She is passionate and daring, just like her grandmother, and reads books that have been censored by the ruthless Rosas. When she falls in love with Father Ladislao, the two flee Buenos Aires and assume new identities as school teachers in a small village. During a party, a priest from Ladislao’s old church recognizes Ladislao and turns them both in. They are both executed by firing squad even though Camila is pregnant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The director, Maria Luisa Bemberg was a famous director known for attracting actors like Imanol Arias who were already established in their careers. Her most famous films are â€Å"Camila† (1984), â€Å"I, Worst of All† (1990), and â€Å"I Don’t Want to Talk About It† (1990) (McClennon). Many of her films, including â€Å"Camila† had similar themes. She often criticized patriarchies and authoritarianism by telling stories of courageous women who dealt with historical events that had direct effects on women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Camila’s father, Aldolfo O’Gorman, represents a more intimate version of Rosas. He brings the terror of the government into her home, reminding her daily that she should do only as a respectful and loyal socialite woman is expected. He is obsessed with moral obligations as outlined by the Catholic Church, and also loyalty to family, church, and state. However, the family’s loyalty is meant for the male head of the house. The first scenes of the film show Camila playing with kittens, then cuts to the servant who is carrying out her orders to drown the kittens. This scene immediately develops the cruelty the film will display within the O’Gorman family and the terror of the Rosas regime. Later, he scolds her at the dinner table, in front of guests, for questioning Rosas’s laws and ideals. Taken to extremes, he even turns her unto Rosas when she elopes. d also represents the order of repression in the movie. Rosas oppresses the men unfairly, and then they go home and do the same to their wives and daughters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Camila is also inspired by her grandmother, Ana Perichon. La Perichona was known to be... ...t loved ones decapitated heads on spikes in the square. Red was indeed the color of the ruling party, and obsessive adherence to the mandate to always wear read was not optional, but mandatory for life (Wilson). Other details like the lace scarves worn to mass, the banned books, the frequency of mass, and the clothes were customary for the time period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because â€Å"Camila† was released shortly after the end of the Argentine Proceso, it was clearly a timely criticism of dictatorship in Argentina. The real story of Camila occurred in a time following a brief bout with democracy. This film could be seen as a cautionary tale in terms of warning against ever returning to that form of government. If this, indeed, was Bemberg’s intentions, she was a brave, courageous woman that would have made a great character in one of her own films. Works Cited Barrera, Adriana, et al. Cinergia Movie File: Camila. 10 Apr. 2001. 15 Feb. 2005 . Cagliani, Martin. Argentine Women. University of Buenos Aires. 15 Feb. 2005 . McClennen, Sophia. Bemberg, Maria Luisa. 15 Feb. 2005 . Wilson, Bobbie. Camila O'Gorman. 2003. 15 Feb. 2005 . Wilson, Bobbie. Styles of Camila. 2002. 15 Feb. 2005 .

Collaboration And Professionalism And There Use In Educational Strategies

Collaboration, audience, engagement ; these are words used within educational schemes and enterprises but what do they all intend? Do they mean the same thing? Collaboration normally means to work with person to accomplish something. Consultation means a treatment between people or groups before they make a determination. Engagement means the procedure of taking portion in something. ( Encarta Dictionary: English ( UK ) ) With mention to their dictionary significances, coaction, audience and engagement are really much linked together, but what has that got to make with instruction? Harmonizing to Head ( 2003 ) , coaction is valuable on a personal degree, it enhances moral support and assurance ; on a professional degree it provides improved effectivity, self-reflection and instructor acquisition, through sharing good pattern. Teachers and schools are all on the job towards the same ends. Effective schools need effectual communicating and coaction amongst staff, other agents, parents and students. ( Head, 2003 ) Christie et Al, ( 2007 ) , suggest it is good documented by ( King, 2002 ; Loughran, 2003 ) , that take parting collaboratively with a scope of other practicians allows cognition to be produced which goes beyond the limitations which affect the professional position. ( Christie, D.et Al, 2007 ) Without effectual communicating and coaction, instructors in schools can be incognizant of the cognition that exists between themselves ; as a consequence, they can non portion and pull upon that cognition. The formation of new cognition and improved patterns for instructors can non be left to opportunity or to establishments of instructor instruction in universities. Knowledge creative activity and airing are embedded in synergistic acquisition, processes which are shaped by structural and institutional agreements. ( Hargreaves. D, 1999 ) Hargreaves argues there are turning attempts to construct an effectual professional ethos of coaction to develop common ends, to get by with ambiguity and complexness. ( Hargreaves. A, 2000 ) In malice of this, if collegial methods merely back up coaction with other instructors and non signifiers of collaborative partnership with other people and professionals, instructors may go stray, which could convey about damaging effects in footings of cut downing their professional cognition and curtailing their ability to objectively knock policy and pattern. ( Christie.et al, 2007 ) Cordingley et Al. ( 2005 ) , cited by Forde et Al. ( 2006 ) , suggest coaction between instructors is about seeking out new thoughts, which helps to alter pattern and secures a instructor ‘s committedness within the school. Barth ( 2001 ) says that the key in learning-rich-schools is about instructors larning together. Some schools are developing professional acquisition communities where leading is seen as whole school instead than led merely by the Headteacher. Schools where this construct is taking topographic point have improved the ability to convey about better public presentation, higher degrees of motive and sustainable development. ( Forde et al. 2006 ) In Scotland, the McCrone Agreement places a duty on instructors to work together with co-workers and other people and professionals to prosecute the overall aims of the service. Teachers besides have a professional committedness to develop their accomplishments and expertness through an in agreement programme of go oning professional development ( CPD ) through an extra contractual 35 hours of CPD per twelvemonth. ( SEED, 2001 ) CPD plays an of import function in determining professional individuality, along with collegiality and coaction ; nevertheless, some award-bearing classs such as the Chartered Teacher ( CT ) can do struggle and bitterness, with some co-workers unwilling to collaborate. ( Forde et al. 2006 ) The traditional position of professionalism Centres on the categorization, organisation and occupational function, nevertheless, the construct is more complex in that, there are peculiar important characteristics which are often referred to. These normally include specialist cognition, liberty and duty. Therefore, Professionalism implies that such features are apparent in an person ‘s work. ( Kennedy, 2007 ) Forde et Al, ( 2006 ) suggest that teacher individuality is non ever closely connected to the function of being a instructor ; a individual ‘s values, beliefs, attitudes, feelings and apprehensions besides play a major portion in organizing professional individuality, as does personal history, ethnicity and civilization, hence, personal individuality besides plays a portion. Collaboration and engagement can intend different things to different people at different times. Williams, et Al ( 2006 ) discusses coaction between kids as a agency of larning and as an indispensable facet of pedagogical quality in educational scenes. Harmonizing to the surveies of Damon and Phelps ( 1989 ) , peer coaction is necessary for several accomplishments such as kids ‘s apprehension of justness, growing of self-pride, willingness to portion and attention, and ability to manage symbolic thought, every bit good as the fosterage of communicating accomplishments and the development of creativeness and critical thought. They besides suggest that coaction motivates kids to larn new accomplishments. Williams, ( 2001 ) found that immature kids collaborated constructively when there was a common job to be solved. This can be related to theories of acquisition ( Piaget, 1959 ; Sa?ljo? , 2000 ; Vygotskij, 1978, 1986 ) which show that kids learn and develop through coaction and togetherness. ( Williams. P, et Al, 2006 )

Free Essays on Pop-up Adds

Pop-up Ads: The Most Annoying Advertisement Ever In today’s electronic market, new ways to get potential customers’ attention have become of utmost importance. Some internet sites, it seems, will stop at nothing to get you to come to their site. This ruthless advertising frenzy has birthed an abomination: the pop-up ad. What better way to get a person to come to a specific site than to put a big advertisement right in their face whether they want it or not? Many of these pop-ups don’t even have the name of the site on them, merely some game or offer of a â€Å"special prize† for those unwitting dupes that click on them. In fact, some don’t even require you to click on them. They merely need you to â€Å"mouse† over them.1 One site with such a pop-up ad is Orbitz.com, a major proponent of this style of advertisement. In one month, they delivered more than 400 million pop-ups or pop-unders. This form of advertisement continues annoy me. Whenever I get onto a site and receive 3 more open sites that I really didn’t want to go to, it never fails to make me leave the site posthaste. However, on the flipside of things, it has proved to me to be an effective form of advertising. I will occasionally see a site promoted in one of these ads and be intrigued by it. From a profit-seeking point of view, using pop-up ads is a good idea. If a company gets more â€Å"hits,† than they can sell more ads, and thus make more money. From a customer loyalty point of view however, I believe that pop-up ads are detrimental. If a person goes to a site, and each time he does so is bombarded by a flurry of new windows advertising for things he doesn’t want, the less likely he is to come back to that site.... Free Essays on Pop-up Adds Free Essays on Pop-up Adds Pop-up Ads: The Most Annoying Advertisement Ever In today’s electronic market, new ways to get potential customers’ attention have become of utmost importance. Some internet sites, it seems, will stop at nothing to get you to come to their site. This ruthless advertising frenzy has birthed an abomination: the pop-up ad. What better way to get a person to come to a specific site than to put a big advertisement right in their face whether they want it or not? Many of these pop-ups don’t even have the name of the site on them, merely some game or offer of a â€Å"special prize† for those unwitting dupes that click on them. In fact, some don’t even require you to click on them. They merely need you to â€Å"mouse† over them.1 One site with such a pop-up ad is Orbitz.com, a major proponent of this style of advertisement. In one month, they delivered more than 400 million pop-ups or pop-unders. This form of advertisement continues annoy me. Whenever I get onto a site and receive 3 more open sites that I really didn’t want to go to, it never fails to make me leave the site posthaste. However, on the flipside of things, it has proved to me to be an effective form of advertising. I will occasionally see a site promoted in one of these ads and be intrigued by it. From a profit-seeking point of view, using pop-up ads is a good idea. If a company gets more â€Å"hits,† than they can sell more ads, and thus make more money. From a customer loyalty point of view however, I believe that pop-up ads are detrimental. If a person goes to a site, and each time he does so is bombarded by a flurry of new windows advertising for things he doesn’t want, the less likely he is to come back to that site....

The American Civil War, first war photographed essays

The American Civil War, first war photographed essays Seeing a picture makes one feel as if he or she knows what is happening. When a person sees a familiar face suffering, it shocks them. Someone may feel as if they are experiencing, or at least comprehending better, what the image in the picture is going through. If the photograph is of people laughing, for a brief second, the person looking at it, thinks that they are a part of the inside joke going on. When the images in the pictures are hurting, the person looking will feel the pain slicing through their flash as well. When the civil war broke, photography had existed in the United States for almost 20 years. The new technology was quickly catching on, and many photographers at the time took it as a challenge to bring the truth about war out to the public. Pictures of lost battles started showing up in newspapers. Images of hurting soldiers fighting for their lives startled the country. The public was able to see the awful reality of war for the first time. Most people did not lik e it. The old myth of an honorable war was somewhat broken, and the battles were no longer a question of imagination. People saw their kids dying, families saw pictures of others loved ones hurting, and thought of their own suffering in the same way. The option to see, and for a second feel, what soldiers were experiencing daily during the way, shocked the public. Other than shocked, the public was interested. When the Harpers Weekly first published pictures of the Bull Run battlefields, its popularity increased so much that even today, one can subscribe to the original copies it has printed in the civil war (ipeters.de/photography.html#intro). Peoples new perspective that war is not a glorious act but rather dreadful and deadly brought rivals to seek and appreciate unity, and helped end the war. A war usually breaks over disagreements on specific ideologies parties may have. The American Civil War broke mainly over the conce...

Analysis of Art at the Beginning of the 20th Century Assignment

Analysis of Art at the Beginning of the 20th Century - Assignment Example The analytical deconstruction of form began by the artists at the end of the 19th –most notably the cubists century was taken further and forms were exploded or simplified. Artists were searching for a truth beyond a mere visual representation of a scene. Wassily Kandinsky had painted among the German Expressionists and pushed his work to an extreme that could be seen as no longer representational He came back to Russia IN 1914 when the second world war broke out, and later returned to Germany and the Bauhaus when the tension in Russia became too much. In his six-year period, he had a profound influence on Russian modernism, where a certain clean and pared down style came to the fore-a fresh and individual voice encompassed by artists such as Kasimir Malevich and Rodchenko. Form became so minimal that the canvas itself and the negative space took on importance. There was a distinct flattening of form, a move away from texture and simplification. Malevich had created a movement called Suprematism, in which the elements within a work became the most important aspects of the painting. He was clear and logical-his work has the purity of a mathematical equation. His works, Morning in the Village after a Snowstorm1912 and Black Square 1913 show firstly his links to the Russian countryside and his move towards absolute abstraction. The Russian revolution of 1917 meant that Russia was reborn in a sense and was ready to throw off the Rococo finery of the tsars and develop an artistic identity that was representative of the proletariat. This was one point of view apparent in Russia.     

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 49

Discussion - Essay Example An accountant must consider the unique aspects of the two classifications in order to capture all the expenses and revenues in order to enhance the accuracy of the balance sheets among other financial documents in an organization. Adjusting entries is an important undertaking in bookkeeping since it helps document every event that takes place in the organization. They help consolidate the accounts balances and bring them to the last day of the financial period. Such is a vital undertaking that helps in reconciling the financial books. Additionally, adjusting entries helps record the cost of doing business. Through adjusting entries, the financial records will show the activities that occurred instead of the transfer of money. This helps present the activities associated with doing business since they influence the cost of doing business in an economy (Warren, James and Jonathan 67). Such accounts as Accounts receivable and the income account are always adjusted depending on the movement of money in the business. Such are the adjusted entries since the movement of money in the company influences their outlook. Unadjusted entries, on the other hand, refer to money that remains unchanged despite the movement of money in the financial period. Such accounts as starting capital inherited from the closing accounts. The amount remains unchanged by the movement of money in the fiscal period. Adjusting entries is a hectic process that requires an accountant to pay close attention to the movement of money in a business. The fact that the process occurs at the end of a financial period makes it confusing and difficult since an account must refer to all the financial books within the period in order to understand the movement of cash. This makes the process hectic. While the relationship between debit and credit is natural, it remains difficult to identify the accounts to either

Reflection Paper College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection Paper College - Essay Example This is important because it shifts the focus in the day-to-day activities from the base employee-level to supervisor and middle management and as such, one's skills should be geared to dealing with supervisors. Recognizing the strategic business role that HR plays and "seeing the big picture" of HR within an organization is an important lesson going forward and I believe that such an appreciation will be welcomed and respected by my future employers. Another important learning outcome was the function that the High-Powered Work System of (HPWS) had in guiding HR practices, specifically Staffing and Compensation. Leveraging technology in combination with organizational structure is an essential aspect to the HPWS and as a consequence Human Resources. How to utilize those technologies and developing a structure that seeks to integrate those technologies in a human resources capacity will be an important part of my Human Resources philosophy. Workplace Diversity is more about thriving in a globalized market than achieving Equal Opportunity employment practices.

Labor Relations Essay Example for Free

Labor Relations Essay In reviewing information pertaining to labor unions, there is a plethora of information about unions in the transportation industry. One of the most widely known unions is the teamster unions, which deals with truckers. Labor unions and issues with automotive industry are often seen in the media. The newest transportation industry in American history is the airline industry. As the newest transportation industry that is still vital to American comfort, convenience, and commercial, the airline industry is ripe for workers to organize and demand a greater piece of the profits from operations. In this essay, an effort will be made to review this company in regards to labor relations. Company’s stance toward Labor Delta Airlines was founded by C. E. Woolman, an agriculture extension agent (Anthony, Kacmar, Perrewe, 2010). C. E Woolman was not a banker, venture capitalist or war pilot, as many of the competing airlines were. He didn’t have the aggressive military style that many of the other airline founders had. What C. E. Woolman instilled within the employees at all levels of the organization is that people matter and should be treated fairly and equitably. This philosophy led Delta Airlines to be the leader in customer service from the company’s inception through the many mergers over the years. Through the difficult financial times when other airlines were laying off employees and filing for bankruptcy, Delta continued to pay their people well and keep them employed. There was an exception during the Ronald Allen CEO era of 1987 thru 1997. Human relations took a significant down turn during his tenure as CEO, especially during 1993 and 1994, but Delta decided to part ways with Allen and began repairing those fragile relationships with its employees. Delta Airlines still focuses on the human relations factor and has been able to repair the relationship with its employees; they believe it is their key to success. Despite the corporate culture to take care of its employees, a number of Delta employee departments are unionizing. They feel as though that piece is not being distributed justly. Formulate a strategy for negotiating a labor agreement Human behavior dictates that there will be problems. As a company starts making money, there is always a desire by the employees to acquire more of the profit. On the other hand, management has a desire to retain as much of the profit to be provided to investors and to receive bonuses for their â€Å"supposedly† wise business practices. When one group wants more and another wants to retain, there will be conflict. And this is precisely what is happening at Delta Airline, as well as among many industries in the transportation arena. Employees, seeking to gain an upper hand threaten to strike; however, management must be willing to address the matter through negotiation. The Negotiation Process Fisher and Ury recommend conducting negotiations according to the process of principled negotiation. Their method has four main tenets: 1. Separate the people from the problem. The idea should be for both sides to work together to attack a problem, rather than attacking each other. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to overcome emotional responses and set aside egos. 2. Focus on interests rather than positions. The natural tendency in many negotiations—for example, dickering over the price to be paid for an antique—is for both sides to state a position and then move toward middle ground. Fisher and Ury warn against confusing peoples stated positions with their underlying interests, and claim that positions often tend to obscure what people truly hope to gain through negotiation. 3. Generate a variety of options before deciding what to do. The pressure involved in any type of negotiation tends to narrow peoples vision and inhibit their creativity, making it difficult to find optimal solutions to problems. Instead, Fisher and Ury suggest developing a wide range of possible solutions as part of the negotiating process. These possible solutions should attempt to advance shared interests and reconcile differences. 4. Base the result on objective criteria. No one will be happy with the result of a negotiation if they feel that they have been taken advantage of. The solution is to find and apply some fair standard to the problem in order to guarantee a mutually beneficial result. Fisher and Urys principles provide a good overall guide for the actual negotiation process. In his book, Nierenberg offered a number of other tips and strategies that may be effective in promoting successful negotiations. For example, it may be helpful to ask questions in order to form a better understanding of the needs and interests of the other side. The questions must be phrased diplomatically and timed correctly in order to avoid an antagonistic response. The idea is to gain information and uncover basic assumptions without immediately taking positions. Nierenberg stressed the importance of listening carefully to the other sides responses, as well as studying their facial expressions and body language, in order to gain quality information. Nierenberg noted that good negotiators will employ a variety of means to accomplish their objectives. Small business owners should be aware of some of the more common strategies and techniques that they may see others apply or may wish to apply themselves. One common strategy is forbearance, or patience pays, which covers any sort of wait or delay in negotiations. If one side wishes to confer in private, or adjourn briefly, they are employing a strategy of forbearance. Another common strategy is to present a fait accompli, or come to a final offer and leave it up to the other side to decide whether to accept it. In a simple example, a small business owner may scratch out one provision in a contract that he or she finds unacceptable, then sign it and send it back. The other party to the contract then must decide whether to accept the revised agreement. Nierenberg warns that this strategy can be risky, and encourages those who employ it to carefully appraise the consequences first. Another possible negotiating strategy is reversal, which involves taking a position that seems opposed to the original one. Similarly, feinting involves apparently moving in one direction in order to ivert attention from the true goal. For example, a negotiator may give in on a point that is not very important in order to make the real objective more attainable. Another strategy involves setting limits on the negotiation, whether with regards to time, the people involved, or other factors. It is also possible to change the participation in the negotiation if it seems to be at an impasse. For example, a neutral third party may be enlisted to help, or one or two people from each side may be sent off to continue the negotiation separately. It may also be helpful to break down the problem into small pieces and tackle them one by one. Another strategy might be to trade sides for a short time and try to view the situation from each others perspective. All of these techniques may be applied either to gain advantage or to push forward a negotiation that has apparently reached an impasse. Analyze the principle economic and administrative issues The airline industry is a fast growing sector demonstrating a very strong growth rate. It is associated with a number of social and economic benefits and is a growing contributor to the global inventory (Whitelegg, 2000). Business cycles have a wide reaching impact on the airline industry; during recession, air travel was considered a luxury and therefore spending is cut which leads to reduced prices. The industry creates its impact not just by providing direct employment, but also through the creation of opportunities throughout the travel and hospitality sector of the economy. Jobs in hotels, resorts, restaurants and car rental agencies are all impacted by the airline industry (Global Airline Industry Program, 2011). The airline industry itself is a major economic force, both in terms of its own operations and its impacts on related industries such as aircraft manufacturing and tourism. There are few industries that create the amount and intensity of attention that airlines receive, not only among its participants but from government policy makers and the media as well. The crucial issues on the table vary depending on whether the person is in management or is a worker. For management, the key to retain as much money as possible, while for the workers the goal is to obtain more of the profit. Thus, in management, the argument would be made to show how much money is used to provide employee insurances and benefits, reinvest in equipment and aircraft, general property and liability. On top of that, investors must be repaid. For the employee or worker, this is a stressful environment where the employee needs to be compensated for his work-related stress. Employee paid benefits continues to decrease, and the employee is forced to pay a disproportionate share. Thus, the employee needs more money just to live at a sustainable level. Recommend policies and procedures to administer a labor contract and resolve disputes. It is of utmost importance to resolve conflict expeditiously and justly for all parties involved. Thus, I would recommend the following policies as a means to resolve disputes: When a team oversteps the mark of healthy difference of opinion, resolving conflict requires respect and patience. The human experience of conflict involves our emotions, perceptions, and actions; we experience it on all three levels, and we need to address all three levels to resolve it. We must replace the negative experiences with positive ones. Acknowledge the conflict – The conflict has to be acknowledged before it can be managed and resolved. The tendency is for people to ignore the first signs of conflict, perhaps as it seems trivial, or is difficult to differentiate from the normal, healthy debate that teams can thrive on. If you are concerned about the conflict in your team, discuss it with other members. Once the team recognizes the issue, it can start the process of resolution. †¢ Discuss the impact – As a team, discuss the impact the conflict is having on team dynamics and performance. Agree to a cooperative process – Everyone involved must agree to cooperate in to resolve the conflict. This means putting the team first, and may involve setting aside your opinion or ideas for the time being. If someone wants to win more than he or she wants to resolve the conflict, you may find yourself at a stalemate. †¢ Agree to communicate – The most important thing throughout the resolution process is for everyone to keep communications open. The people involved need to talk about the issue and discuss their strong feelings. Active listening is essential here because to move on you eed to really understand where the other person is coming from. Determine the most likely interest dispute and determine how you could leverage economic pressure to help resolve that dispute. â€Å"There is no way to overstate the role â€Å"leverage† plays when it comes to achieving favorable settlements. Leverage is defined as: â€Å"positional advantage; the power to act effectively; strategic advantage†. Stated more simply, your leverage is whatever power you have† (Cory, 2011). Leverage is usually more about situational advantage than objective strength or power. For example, a single individual or small business may have few resources relative to a large corporation but still have situational advantage by virtue of being able to compel the larger corporation to appear and answer in a favorable venue. Likewise even when there is a legitimate claim which could result in a significant loss to the defendant, if the plaintiff does not have the resources or the fortitude to stay the course, then the defendant has the situational advantage by virtue of being able to delay and wait the plaintiff out. Leverage can be real or imagined. Your actual leverage at any point in time is based only on the other side’s perception of your leverage (which can obviously differ significantly from the actual facts). There are obviously situations where you have an information advantage, such as when you know about a weakness in your case that is not yet known by the other side. In such a situation you will, perhaps only briefly, appear to have more leverage than you actually do. Likewise, you can be at an information disadvantage such as when you mistakenly think that the other side has a stronger case than they actually do. There are also situations where you mistakenly think that your case is stronger than it actually is which occurs when for one reason or another you don’t have all the facts, or when the facts have not been accurately relayed to you. But regardless of your actual leverage, if there is no fear on the other side, you have little if any effective leverage (Cory, 2011).